Glass catches light and colours, can take on any appearance. A solid matter that becomes malleable when put in a flame, its molecular structure conjures up the impression of liquid. Fragile, glass can break in a thousand different ways. By constantly lending itself to human creativity, this ancient material accompanies man in his quest for progress and comfort.
EU has seen an increase in glass production for 1999 and as market situations continue to improve, the prediction is that consumer demand for glass will continue to rise in Western Europe. The EU is the world's largest glass market, both in terms of production and consumption.
The European glass industry with its [+ or -] 1100 companies accounts for more than one quarter of the nonmetallic mineral sector. The industry is highly concentrated and over 80% of glass is produced by more than a dozen multi-nationals with more than 1000 employees. The other companies are small or medium-sized but mainly specialists.
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The usage and the art of making and decorating ceramic tiles had spread and by 900 A.D., decorative tiles had become widely used in Persia, Syria, Turkey and across North Africa. As transport and communication developed, tile usage and its penetration in other territories increased. Wars and territory take-overs caused this art to spread even faster.
In the early days, the tiles were hand-made, each tile was hand-formed and hand-painted, thus each was a work of art in its own right. Ceramic tile was used almost everywhere on walls, floors, ceilings, fireplaces, in murals, and as an exterior cladding on buildings.
Today Ceramic tile throughout the world is not hand-made or hand-painted for the most part. Automated manufacturing techniques are used and the human hand does not enter into the picture until it is time to install the tile. They are used in an almost infinite number of ways and you dont have to consider yourself wealthy to own them. In commercial buildings, where both beauty and durability are considerations, ceramic tiles will be found, particularly in lobby areas and restrooms.
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Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle.
Alloys with a higher carbon content are known as cast iron because of their lower melting point and castability. Steel is also distinguished from wrought iron, which can contain a small amount of carbon, but it is included in the form of slag inclusions. Two distinguishing factors are steel's increased rust-resistance and better weldability.
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Cement is the essential ingredient in concrete, the second most consumed substance in the world after water. Portland cement is a local product made in Britain and was even invented here. No school, house, road, hospital or bridge would be built without it.
U.S. cement production is rather widely distributed. The largest company produces just over 13% of the industry total, and the top five companies collectively produce around 53%. Foreign companies now own approximately 81% of U.S. cement capacity, up from about 22% in 1980. Investments during the 80’s by European companies, as well as Asian entities, were spurred by the favorable position of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies.
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Aluminium, whose chemical symbol as Al, can be produced from natural resource, i.e. bauxite, or from recycled scrap metal. The first process is called the primary production, and the latter secondary production. The application of aluminium is almost always in the form of alloy despite it being primary and secondary metal and the demand for aluminium alloy make no distinction as to the origin of the metal.
Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust and the most abundant metallic element. It never occurs as a free element in nature. Aluminium smelting as an industrial activity is the youngest and largest activity of the non-ferrous metal industry, as it began only about a century ago. Aluminium is a material with a wide range of applications, e.g. transport vehicles, construction, packaging industry, electronic production, household appliances, etc., and consequently the economic activities of these industrial sectors determine the overall demand for aluminium. In 1997, the EU aluminium industry directly represented a workforce of about 200.000 people and its annual turnover was 25 billion Euros.
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Copper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with excellent electrical conductivity, and finds extensive use as an electrical conductor, heat conductor, as a building material, and as a component of various alloys. Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for nearly 10,000 years. Civilizations in places like Iraq, China, Egypt, Greece and the Sumerian cities all have early evidence of using copper.
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Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum or other hydrocarbon origin. Although some of the chemical compounds that originate from petroleum may also be derived from coal and natural gas, petroleum is the major source. The largest petrochemical industries are to be found in the USA and Western Europe, though the major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is a substantial inter-regional trade in petrochemicals of all kinds. World production of ethylene is around 110 million tons per year, of propylene 65 million tons, and of aromatic raw materials 70 million tons.
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Metal heat treatment processing is a technique for adding characteristics (strength, hardness, elongation, abrasion resistance, and fatigue resistance) necessary for metal by heating and cooling metal materials or metal parts. The metal heat treatment industry is related to every type of industrial sector and indispensable especially in the materials process technology industry.
The heat treatment processing industry has a subcontracted production system of receiving materials and parts from automobile and machine manufacturers and heat treating and delivering them.
The changing use of materials and the cold wind of global competition from developing countries have made traditional heat treatment, plating and other technologies relatively uncompetitive. Nevertheless, the businesses that anticipate the needs of the market by capitalising on user education, process design and minimising costs by efficient processing are the ones gaining market share.
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